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--- density-matrix [May 23, 2026 at 18:31] – Ivan Janevski
+++ density-matrix [June 13, 2026 at 03:13] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 # Density matrix
-**Density matrix** (written as $\rho$) is the matrix representation of a quantum state. It is an alternative and superior representation to the state vector $\lvert\psi\rangle$.
+**Density matrix** (written as $\rho$) is a matrix representation of a quantum state.
-A state vector $\lvert\psi\rangle$
+It's a more general way to represent a quantum state compared to the [[state-vector|state vector]] $\lvert\psi\rangle$. While a state vector can only represent [[pure-state|pure states]], a density matrix can represent [[mixed-state|mixed states]] as well, making it the correct tool for open quantum systems, noisy circuits, and statistical ensembles of quantum states.
-It is a strictly better way to represent a quantum state compared to the state vector $\lvert\psi\rangle$. While a state vector $\vert\psi\rangle$ can only represent pure states, a density matrix can represent mixed states as well. It's used in quantum error correction equations like the Lindbald master equation.
+Every pure state $\lvert\psi\rangle$ has a corresponding density matrix constructed by the outer product of the ket with its bra.
-Any state vector $\lvert\psi\rangle$ has a density matrix repre it into a density matrix in the following way.
+$$\rho = \lvert\psi\rangle\langle\psi\rvert$$
-$$\rho = \lvert\psi\rangle\langle\psi\lvert$$
+For example, the density matrices of the two computational basis states $\lvert 0\rangle$ and $\lvert 1\rangle$ are the projectors onto those states.
+$$\rho_0 = \lvert 0\rangle\langle 0\rvert = \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0\end{pmatrix}, \qquad \rho_1 = \lvert 1\rangle\langle 1\rvert = \begin{pmatrix}0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}$$
+## Properties
+A density matrix $\rho$ always satisfies three properties: it is Hermitian ($\rho^\dagger = \rho$), positive semidefinite ($\rho \geq 0$), and has unit trace ($\text{tr}(\rho) = 1$). These three conditions are necessary and sufficient for $\rho$ to represent a valid quantum state. The **purity** $\text{tr}(\rho^2)$ ranges from $1/d$ (maximally mixed state in dimension $d$) to $1$ (pure state).
+## Mixed states
+A mixed state arises when a quantum system is in state $\lvert\psi_k\rangle$ with classical probability $p_k$. Its density matrix is the convex combination of the individual pure-state density matrices.
+$$\rho = \sum_k p_k\lvert\psi_k\rangle\langle\psi_k\rvert, \qquad \sum_k p_k = 1, \quad p_k \geq 0$$
+## Time evolution
+Under Hamiltonian evolution, the density matrix evolves according to the von Neumann equation $d\rho/dt = -i[H,\rho]/\hbar$. For open systems with environmental noise, this generalizes to the [[lindblad-equation|Lindblad master equation]], which adds dissipative terms describing decoherence and relaxation.