<signal.h>

<signal.h> provides signal handling for asynchronous events: SIGINT (Ctrl+C), SIGTERM, SIGSEGV, etc. Register a handler with signal(SIGNUM, handler). Handlers run asynchronously and can only safely call async-signal-safe functions like write and _exit.

The standard pattern is to set a flag in the handler and check it in the main loop.

This example catches SIGINT by setting a flag that the main loop polls.

// compile: gcc -o signalexample signalexample.c
// run: ./signalexample (press Ctrl+C)
// description: signal handler that sets a flag for clean shutdown
 
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
 
volatile sig_atomic_t stop = 0;
 
void handler(int sig) {
    stop = 1;
}
 
int main() {
    signal(SIGINT, handler);
    puts("running... press Ctrl+C to stop");
 
    while (!stop) {
        putchar('.');
        fflush(stdout);
        sleep(1);
    }
 
    puts("\nshutting down cleanly");
    return 0;
}

Signal handling:

• signal(sig, handler): register signal handler
  • Returns previous handler or SIG_ERR on error
  • Handler is void (*handler)(int sig) function
  • Called asynchronously when signal arrives

Handler special values:

• SIG_DFL: restore default handler
• SIG_IGN: ignore signal
• SIG_ERR: error return value

Signal-safe types:

• sig_atomic_t: type guaranteed safe for assignments in signal handlers
• Volatile qualified: volatile sig_atomic_t flag;
• Only safe operation in handler is assignment to volatile sig_atomic_t

Common signals (POSIX):

• SIGINT: interrupt (Ctrl+C from terminal)
• SIGTERM: termination signal (from kill command)
• SIGABRT: abnormal termination (from abort())
• SIGSEGV: segmentation fault (invalid memory access)
• SIGFPE: floating-point exception (divide by zero)
• SIGALRM: alarm clock signal (from alarm())
• SIGCHLD: child process terminated/stopped
• SIGPIPE: broken pipe (write to closed socket/pipe)
• SIGKILL: kill signal (cannot be caught or ignored)
• SIGSTOP: stop signal (cannot be caught, suspends process)

Modern alternative (POSIX):

• sigaction(): preferred over signal() for more control
• sigprocmask(): block/unblock signals
• pause(): wait for signal