# TexLive Figures

**Including images** requires the `graphicx` package. Use `\includegraphics{filename}` to embed a PNG, JPG, or PDF file.

```latex
\usepackage{graphicx}
\begin{document}

\includegraphics{diagram.png}

\includegraphics[width=8cm]{diagram.png}

\includegraphics[height=5cm, width=8cm]{diagram.png}

\end{document}
```

Width and height scale the image; if you specify only one, the other scales proportionally. Omit both to use the image's native size (which may be too large for a document).

**The `figure` environment** wraps `\includegraphics` to add captions, labels, and automatic positioning. Figures float to the top of pages or to a dedicated figure page, keeping text around them.

```latex
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{diagram.png}
\caption{Example diagram}
\label{fig:diagram}
\end{figure}
```

The `[h]` positioning option means "here" (keep near the code); `[t]` is top of page, `[b]` is bottom, `[p]` is a dedicated figure page. LaTeX may move figures slightly to optimize page breaks.

`\centering` centers the image. `\caption{...}` adds a numbered caption (Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.) that appears below the image. `\label{fig:diagram}` lets you reference it: write `Figure~\ref{fig:diagram}` in text (the `~` prevents a line break between "Figure" and its number).

Captions are cross-referenced automatically. Compile twice for references to resolve.

**Multiple images side-by-side** use `\begin{minipage}...\end{minipage}`:

```latex
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{left.png}
  \caption{Left image}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{right.png}
  \caption{Right image}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}
```

Each minipage takes 45% of text width; `\hfill` adds space between them. Both sub-figures share the outer caption; to label them separately use sub-figures package.

**Rotation:** Use `\rotatebox{90}{...}` or `\includegraphics[angle=90]{image}` to rotate 90 degrees.

**Image formats:** LaTeX prefers PDF for vectors (sharp at all scales) and PNG/JPG for rasters. EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) works with older tools. Modern `pdflatex` handles PNG/JPG natively.